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\chapter{Energy conversion table}

In this work, the primary unit is the electron volt (eV), which is an SI accepted energy unit equivalent to $E = 1.602\,176\,53(14)\times10^{-19}\rm~J$. (Constants taken from Ref.~\onlinecite[nist:const].) In calculation the atomic units are often prefered; its energy unit is Hartree ($E_h$, htr, Htr), $1~E_h = 2{\rm~Ryd} = 27.211\,3845(23)\rm~eV$, where Ryd denotes the unit Rydberg ($1{\rm~Ryd}=R_\infty hc$).

The following units are not energies, but can be related to an energy via a constant. For the temperature this is done via the Boltzmann constant $E=k_B T$, $k_B = 8.617\,343(15)\times10^{-5}\rm~eV\,K^{-1}$, whereas for the magnetic field the Bohr magneton $\mu_B=5.788\,381\,804(39)\times10^{-5}\rm~eV\,T^{-1}$ does this. The frequency $\nu$ (in Hz), wavelength $\lambda$ (in m) and wavenumber $\lambda^-1$ (in inverse cm) are related to the energy via the Planck constant $h=4.135\,667\,43(35)\times10^{-15}\rm~eV\,s$ as $E=h\nu=hc/\lambda=hc\lambda^{-1}$.

The following table is divied into three sections. The first gives the energies between in the sub-meV range, typical for large external fields. The second covers meV to small eV and thus the order of crystal-field splitting, internal exchange fields and temperatures. The third encompasses the energies of typical X-ray absorption.

\starttablehead
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\NC  Energy  \NC Temp. \NC Magn. \NC Wavenumb. \NC Wavelength \NC Freq.  \NC Energy \NC  Energy \NC\SR
\HL
\stoptablehead

\starttabletail
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\stoptabletail

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\starttables[|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|]
\NC  0.1 meV \NC     1.1 K \NC   1.7 T \NC    0.81 cm$^{-1}$ \NC12.39 mm \NC    24 GHz \NC  3.675 µHtr \NC  7.350 µRyd \NC\FR
\NC  0.2 meV \NC     2.3 K \NC   3.4 T \NC    1.61 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 6.19 mm \NC    48 GHz \NC  7.350 µHtr \NC 14.700 µRyd \NC\MR
\NC  0.3 meV \NC     3.4 K \NC   5.1 T \NC    2.42 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 4.13 mm \NC    73 GHz \NC 11.025 µHtr \NC 22.050 µRyd \NC\MR
\NC  0.4 meV \NC     4.6 K \NC   6.9 T \NC    3.23 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 3.09 mm \NC    97 GHz \NC 14.700 µHtr \NC 29.399 µRyd \NC\MR
\NC  0.5 meV \NC     5.8 K \NC   8.6 T \NC    4.03 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 2.47 mm \NC   121 GHz \NC 18.375 µHtr \NC 36.749 µRyd \NC\MR
\NC  0.6 meV \NC     6.9 K \NC  10.3 T \NC    4.84 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 2.06 mm \NC   145 GHz \NC 22.050 µHtr \NC 44.099 µRyd \NC\MR
\NC  0.7 meV \NC     8.1 K \NC  12.0 T \NC    5.65 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 1.77 mm \NC   169 GHz \NC 25.725 µHtr \NC 51.449 µRyd \NC\MR
\NC  0.8 meV \NC     9.2 K \NC  13.8 T \NC    6.45 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 1.54 mm \NC   193 GHz \NC 29.399 µHtr \NC 58.799 µRyd \NC\MR
\NC  0.9 meV \NC    10.4 K \NC  15.5 T \NC    7.26 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 1.37 mm \NC   218 GHz \NC 33.074 µHtr \NC 66.149 µRyd \NC\MR
\NC  1.0 meV \NC    11.6 K \NC  17.3 T \NC    8.07 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 1.23 mm \NC   242 GHz \NC 36.749 µHtr \NC 73.499 µRyd \NC\LR
\HL
\NC    2 meV \NC      23 K \NC    34 T \NC   16.13 cm$^{-1}$ \NC619.92 µm \NC   0.48 THz \NC 0.073 mHtr \NC 0.146 mRyd \NC\FR
\NC    3 meV \NC      34 K \NC    51 T \NC   24.20 cm$^{-1}$ \NC413.28 µm \NC   0.72 THz \NC 0.110 mHtr \NC 0.220 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC    4 meV \NC      46 K \NC    69 T \NC   32.26 cm$^{-1}$ \NC309.96 µm \NC   0.96 THz \NC 0.146 mHtr \NC 0.293 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC    5 meV \NC      58 K \NC    86 T \NC   40.33 cm$^{-1}$ \NC247.96 µm \NC   1.20 THz \NC 0.183 mHtr \NC 0.367 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC    6 meV \NC      69 K \NC   103 T \NC   48.39 cm$^{-1}$ \NC206.64 µm \NC   1.45 THz \NC 0.220 mHtr \NC 0.440 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC    7 meV \NC      81 K \NC   120 T \NC   56.46 cm$^{-1}$ \NC177.12 µm \NC   1.69 THz \NC 0.257 mHtr \NC 0.514 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC    8 meV \NC      92 K \NC   138 T \NC   64.52 cm$^{-1}$ \NC154.98 µm \NC   1.93 THz \NC 0.293 mHtr \NC 0.587 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC    9 meV \NC     104 K \NC   155 T \NC   72.59 cm$^{-1}$ \NC137.76 µm \NC   2.17 THz \NC 0.330 mHtr \NC 0.661 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   10 meV \NC     116 K \NC   172 T \NC   80.66 cm$^{-1}$ \NC123.98 µm \NC   2.41 THz \NC 0.367 mHtr \NC 0.734 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   11 meV \NC     127 K \NC   190 T \NC   88.72 cm$^{-1}$ \NC112.71 µm \NC   2.66 THz \NC 0.404 mHtr \NC 0.808 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   12 meV \NC     139 K \NC   207 T \NC   96.79 cm$^{-1}$ \NC103.32 µm \NC   2.90 THz \NC 0.440 mHtr \NC 0.881 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   13 meV \NC     150 K \NC   224 T \NC  104.85 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 95.37 µm \NC   3.14 THz \NC 0.477 mHtr \NC 0.955 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   14 meV \NC     162 K \NC   241 T \NC  112.92 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 88.56 µm \NC   3.38 THz \NC 0.514 mHtr \NC 1.028 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   15 meV \NC     174 K \NC   259 T \NC  120.98 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 82.65 µm \NC   3.62 THz \NC 0.551 mHtr \NC 1.102 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   16 meV \NC     185 K \NC   276 T \NC  129.05 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 77.49 µm \NC   3.86 THz \NC 0.587 mHtr \NC 1.175 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   17 meV \NC     197 K \NC   293 T \NC  137.11 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 72.93 µm \NC   4.11 THz \NC 0.624 mHtr \NC 1.249 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   18 meV \NC     208 K \NC   310 T \NC  145.18 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 68.88 µm \NC   4.35 THz \NC 0.661 mHtr \NC 1.322 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   19 meV \NC     220 K \NC   328 T \NC  153.25 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 65.25 µm \NC   4.59 THz \NC 0.698 mHtr \NC 1.396 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   20 meV \NC     232 K \NC   345 T \NC  161.31 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 61.99 µm \NC   4.83 THz \NC 0.734 mHtr \NC 1.469 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   25 meV \NC     290 K \NC   431 T \NC  201.64 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 49.59 µm \NC   6.04 THz \NC 0.918 mHtr \NC 1.837 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   30 meV \NC     348 K \NC   518 T \NC  241.97 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 41.32 µm \NC   7.25 THz \NC 1.102 mHtr \NC 2.204 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   35 meV \NC     406 K \NC   604 T \NC  282.29 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 35.42 µm \NC   8.46 THz \NC 1.286 mHtr \NC 2.572 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   40 meV \NC     464 K \NC   691 T \NC  322.62 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 30.99 µm \NC   9.67 THz \NC 1.469 mHtr \NC 2.939 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   45 meV \NC     522 K \NC   777 T \NC  362.95 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 27.55 µm \NC  10.88 THz \NC 1.653 mHtr \NC 3.307 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   50 meV \NC     580 K \NC   863 T \NC  403.28 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 24.79 µm \NC  12.09 THz \NC 1.837 mHtr \NC 3.674 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   55 meV \NC     638 K \NC   950 T \NC  443.60 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 22.54 µm \NC  13.29 THz \NC 2.021 mHtr \NC 4.042 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   60 meV \NC     696 K \NC  1036 T \NC  483.93 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 20.66 µm \NC  14.50 THz \NC 2.204 mHtr \NC 4.409 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   65 meV \NC     754 K \NC  1122 T \NC  524.26 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 19.07 µm \NC  15.71 THz \NC 2.388 mHtr \NC 4.777 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   70 meV \NC     812 K \NC  1209 T \NC  564.59 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 17.71 µm \NC  16.92 THz \NC 2.572 mHtr \NC 5.144 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   75 meV \NC     870 K \NC  1295 T \NC  604.92 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 16.53 µm \NC  18.13 THz \NC 2.756 mHtr \NC 5.512 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   80 meV \NC     928 K \NC  1382 T \NC  645.24 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 15.49 µm \NC  19.34 THz \NC 2.939 mHtr \NC 5.879 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   85 meV \NC     986 K \NC  1468 T \NC  685.57 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 14.58 µm \NC  20.55 THz \NC 3.123 mHtr \NC 6.247 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   90 meV \NC    1044 K \NC  1554 T \NC  725.90 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 13.77 µm \NC  21.76 THz \NC 3.307 mHtr \NC 6.614 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC   95 meV \NC    1102 K \NC  1641 T \NC  766.23 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 13.05 µm \NC  22.97 THz \NC 3.491 mHtr \NC 6.982 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  100 meV \NC    1160 K \NC  1727 T \NC  806.55 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 12.39 µm \NC  24.18 THz \NC 3.674 mHtr \NC 7.349 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  120 meV \NC    1392 K \NC  2073 T \NC  967.87 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 10.33 µm \NC  29.01 THz \NC 4.409 mHtr \NC 8.819 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  140 meV \NC    1624 K \NC  2418 T \NC 1129.18 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 8.85 µm \NC  33.85 THz \NC 5.144 mHtr \NC 10.289 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  160 meV \NC    1856 K \NC  2764 T \NC 1290.49 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 7.74 µm \NC  38.68 THz \NC 5.879 mHtr \NC 11.759 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  180 meV \NC    2088 K \NC  3109 T \NC 1451.80 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 6.88 µm \NC  43.52 THz \NC 6.614 mHtr \NC 13.229 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  200 meV \NC    2320 K \NC  3455 T \NC 1613.11 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 6.19 µm \NC  48.36 THz \NC 7.349 mHtr \NC 14.699 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  220 meV \NC    2552 K \NC  3800 T \NC 1774.42 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 5.63 µm \NC  53.19 THz \NC 8.084 mHtr \NC 16.169 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  240 meV \NC    2785 K \NC  4146 T \NC 1935.73 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 5.16 µm \NC  58.03 THz \NC 8.819 mHtr \NC 17.639 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  260 meV \NC    3017 K \NC  4491 T \NC 2097.04 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 4.76 µm \NC  62.86 THz \NC 9.554 mHtr \NC 19.109 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  280 meV \NC    3249 K \NC  4837 T \NC 2258.35 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 4.42 µm \NC  67.70 THz \NC 10.289 mHtr \NC 20.579 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  300 meV \NC    3481 K \NC  5182 T \NC 2419.66 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 4.13 µm \NC  72.54 THz \NC 11.024 mHtr \NC 22.049 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  320 meV \NC    3713 K \NC  5528 T \NC 2580.97 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 3.87 µm \NC  77.37 THz \NC 11.759 mHtr \NC 23.519 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  340 meV \NC    3945 K \NC  5873 T \NC 2742.29 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 3.64 µm \NC  82.21 THz \NC 12.494 mHtr \NC 24.989 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  360 meV \NC    4177 K \NC  6219 T \NC 2903.60 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 3.44 µm \NC  87.04 THz \NC 13.229 mHtr \NC 26.459 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  380 meV \NC    4409 K \NC  6564 T \NC 3064.91 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 3.26 µm \NC  91.88 THz \NC 13.964 mHtr \NC 27.929 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  400 meV \NC    4641 K \NC  6910 T \NC 3226.22 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 3.09 µm \NC  96.72 THz \NC 14.699 mHtr \NC 29.399 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  400 meV \NC    4641 K \NC  6910 T \NC 3226.22 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 3.09 µm \NC  96.72 THz \NC 14.699 mHtr \NC 29.399 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  500 meV \NC    5802 K \NC  8637 T \NC 4032.77 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 2.47 µm \NC 120.89 THz \NC 18.374 mHtr \NC 36.749 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  600 meV \NC    6962 K \NC 10365 T \NC 4839.33 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 2.06 µm \NC 145.07 THz \NC 22.049 mHtr \NC 44.099 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  700 meV \NC    8123 K \NC 12093 T \NC 5645.88 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 1.77 µm \NC 169.25 THz \NC 25.724 mHtr \NC 51.449 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  800 meV \NC    9283 K \NC 13820 T \NC 6452.44 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 1.54 µm \NC 193.43 THz \NC 29.399 mHtr \NC 58.798 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC  900 meV \NC 10\,444 K \NC 15548 T \NC 7258.99 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 1.37 µm \NC 217.61 THz \NC 33.074 mHtr \NC 66.148 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC 1000 meV \NC 11\,604 K \NC 17275 T \NC 8065.54 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 1.23 µm \NC 241.79 THz \NC 36.749 mHtr \NC 73.498 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC 1100 meV \NC 12\,764 K \NC 19003 T \NC 8872.10 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 1.12 µm \NC 265.97 THz \NC 40.424 mHtr \NC 80.848 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC 1200 meV \NC 13\,925 K \NC 20731 T \NC 9678.65 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 1.03 µm \NC 290.15 THz \NC 44.099 mHtr \NC 88.198 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC 1300 meV \NC 15\,085 K \NC 22458 T \NC 10\,485.21 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 0.95 µm \NC 314.33 THz \NC 47.774 mHtr \NC 95.548 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC 1400 meV \NC 16\,246 K \NC 24186 T \NC 11\,291.76 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 0.88 µm \NC 338.51 THz \NC 51.449 mHtr \NC 102.898 mRyd \NC\MR
\NC 1500 meV \NC 17\,406 K \NC 25913 T \NC 12\,098.32 cm$^{-1}$ \NC 0.82 µm \NC 362.69 THz \NC 55.123 mHtr \NC 110.247 mRyd \NC\LR
\HL
\NC  100 eV  \NC    1.1 MK \NC  1.7 MT \NC   80 µm$^{-1}$ \NC 12.398 nm \NC 24 PHz \NC 3.67 Htr \NC 7.34 Ryd \NC\FR
\NC  200 eV  \NC    2.3 MK \NC  3.4 MT \NC  161 µm$^{-1}$ \NC  6.199 nm \NC 48 PHz \NC 7.34 Htr \NC 14.69 Ryd \NC\MR
\NC  300 eV  \NC    3.4 MK \NC  5.1 MT \NC  241 µm$^{-1}$ \NC  4.132 nm \NC 72 PHz \NC 11.02 Htr \NC 22.04 Ryd \NC\MR
\NC  400 eV  \NC    4.6 MK \NC  6.9 MT \NC  322 µm$^{-1}$ \NC  3.099 nm \NC 96 PHz \NC 14.69 Htr \NC 29.39 Ryd \NC\MR
\NC  500 eV  \NC    5.8 MK \NC  8.6 MT \NC  403 µm$^{-1}$ \NC  2.479 nm \NC 120 PHz \NC 18.37 Htr \NC 36.74 Ryd \NC\MR
\NC  600 eV  \NC    6.9 MK \NC 10.3 MT \NC  483 µm$^{-1}$ \NC  2.066 nm \NC 145 PHz \NC 22.04 Htr \NC 44.09 Ryd \NC\MR
\NC  700 eV  \NC    8.1 MK \NC 12.0 MT \NC  564 µm$^{-1}$ \NC  1.771 nm \NC 169 PHz \NC 25.72 Htr \NC 51.44 Ryd \NC\MR
\NC  800 eV  \NC    9.2 MK \NC 13.8 MT \NC  645 µm$^{-1}$ \NC  1.549 nm \NC 193 PHz \NC 29.39 Htr \NC 58.79 Ryd \NC\MR
\NC  900 eV  \NC   10.4 MK \NC 15.5 MT \NC  725 µm$^{-1}$ \NC  1.377 nm \NC 217 PHz \NC 33.07 Htr \NC 66.14 Ryd \NC\MR
\NC 1000 eV  \NC   11.6 MK \NC 17.2 MT \NC  806 µm$^{-1}$ \NC  1.239 nm \NC 241 PHz \NC 36.74 Htr \NC 73.49 Ryd \NC\MR
\NC 1500 eV  \NC   17.4 MK \NC 25.9 MT \NC 1209 µm$^{-1}$ \NC  0.826 nm \NC 362 PHz \NC 55.12 Htr \NC 110.24 Ryd \NC\MR
\NC 2000 eV  \NC   23.2 MK \NC 34.5 MT \NC 1613 µm$^{-1}$ \NC  0.619 nm \NC 483 PHz \NC 73.49 Htr \NC 146.99 Ryd \NC\MR
\NC 2500 eV  \NC   29.0 MK \NC 43.1 MT \NC 2016 µm$^{-1}$ \NC  0.495 nm \NC 604 PHz \NC 91.87 Htr \NC 183.74 Ryd \NC\MR
\NC 3000 eV  \NC   34.8 MK \NC 51.8 MT \NC 2419 µm$^{-1}$ \NC  0.413 nm \NC 725 PHz \NC 110.24 Htr \NC 220.47 Ryd \NC\LR
\stoptables
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