Using ultrafast and nonlinear infrared spectroscopy, structural and dynamical aspects of fluorine-specific interactions will be elucidated and quantified. This experimental approach will be complemented by quantum mechanical calculations that provide an understanding of the vibrational spectroscopic observables and associated molecular properties. This combined strategy promises insights into various aspects including bond strengths and bond lengths as well as the character of fluorine-specific interactions and their time evolution. The focus is on interactions within the coordination sphere of catalytic metal sites, in particular hydrogen bonds involving fluorine-containing reactants or fluorinated ligand systems. To obtain a thorough understanding of these interactions and their functional significance, three model systems of increasing complexity will be investigated. (I) Basic aspects of the structure and dynamics of fluorine-mediated hydrogen bonds will be elucidated by investigating interactions between hydrogen fluoride and small molecules like triethylamine or pyridine. (II) Based on the gained insight as well as the newly established experimental and theoretical strategies, the characteristics of hydrogen bonds in the coordination sphere of metal complexes and their influence on hydrofluorination reactions will be subsequently explored. (III) Finally, complex hydrogen bond networks and further fluorine-specific interactions in metal complexes of peptides containing fluorinated amino acids will be investigated. In total, these studies will yield detailed insights into the characteristics of fluorine-specific interactions in metal catalysts and reveal the potential of fluorine-functionalized metalloenzymes.

The PhD project is part of the Collaborative Research Centre 1349 (Fluorine-Specific Interactions), in which 22 working groups are conducting research in the field of fluorine chemistry.

The suitable candidate should have a background in physics or physical chemistry. Knowledge in biological, inorganic or fluorine chemistry and, especially, previous experience with ultrafast and multidimensional (vibrational) spectroscopy and pulsed laser sources is highly beneficial.

The project is supposed to start as soon possible. Further information can be provided on request. If you are interested in the project or have questions about it, please contact Marius Horch. The official job offer can be found here.

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[NiFe] Hydrogenases are complex metalloenzymes that catalyse the cleavage and evolution of molecular hydrogen, an ideally clean fuel that releases large amounts of energy but no greenhouse gases upon combustion. To accomplish this kinetically demanding reaction, [NiFe] hydrogenases feature a unique catalytic site containing one nickel (Ni) and one iron (Fe) ion, the latter of which is coordinated by three biologically uncommon ligands, one carbon monoxide (CO) and two cyanides (CN⁻). These diatomics ligands are highly important, because they (1) tune the electronic properties of the catalytic metal site and (2) can serve as site-selective and highly sensitive structural probes in infrared (IR) spectroscopic studies. As a consequence, IR spectroscopy has long been used as a key technique in hydrogenase research, but electronic and structural insights by conventional IR absorption experiments are limited.

To overcome this limitation, we have recently introduced advanced variants of IR spectroscopy like IR_pump-IR_probe and two-dimensional techniques to hydrogenase research. These techniques provide otherwise inaccessible insights into molecular bonding, equilibrium dynamics, energy transfer phenomena, coherent atom motions, and interactions of the catalytic metal site with the functional protein environment. So far, however, understanding of the experimental data is limited by their inherent complexity and a lack of suitable theoretical strategies for modelling the spectroscopic properties.

The offered Master’s project will address these challenges by calculating nonlinear IR spectra of a synthetic model complex that mimics the unique Fe(CO)(CN⁻)₂ motif of [NiFe] hydrogenases and its spectroscopic properties. This approach has two advantages: First, the molecular model lacks the complexity of the enzymatic analogue. Second, influences of the protein environment can be systematically studied by exploring the impact of different strongly or weakly interacting solvents. Using density functional theory and vibrational perturbation theory together with explicit and implicit solvent modelling, this project will complement experimental studies, thereby contributing greatly to the understanding of [NiFe] hydrogenases and the unique spectroscopic properties of metal carbonyl and cyanido complexes in general.

The suitable candidate should have a background in physics or physical/theoretical chemistry. General chemical knowledge and previous experience with electronic structure calculations, vibrational analysis, and/or IR spectroscopy is highly beneficial. In case of questions, don’t hesitate to send a message to Marius Horch.

^‡M. Horch, J. Schoknecht, S. L. D. Wrathall, G. M. Greetham, O. Lenz, N. T. Hunt, “Understanding the Structure and Dynamics of Hydrogenases by Ultrafast and Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy“ Chem. Sci. 2019, 10, 8981–8989.

https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SC02851J

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Fluorinated compounds play a key role in pure and applied chemistry, including various applications in medicine, pharmacy, and material science. This key role is related to the unique properties of fluorine, e.g. its high electronegativity and small atomic radius, which lead to fluorine-specific interactions like unusual hydrogen bonding and the formation of hydrogen-bond networks. For instance, the strongest hydrogen bond known to date is formed in bifluoride, which features three-centre two-electron bonding at the tip of covalent and hydrogen bonding.

Understanding unusual hydrogen bonding involving fluorinated compounds requires spectroscopic techniques that provide insights into the potential energy surfaces (PES) of the relevant molecular adducts. Nonlinear infrared (IR) spectroscopic techniques yield detailed information on the shape of the PES by probing transitions between multiple vibrational energy levels of a molecule. In the case of bifluoride, such studies have recently revealed a highly anharmonic PES with strong interactions between different vibrational degrees of freedom and a seamless transition between strongly anharmonic and superharmonic bond potentials.

Understanding these phenomena, the associated nonlinear IR spectra, and the relation of these aspects to the unique bonding properties of fluorinated compounds requires the simulation of vibrational transitions beyond the harmonic approximation and a detailed modelling of intermolecular interactions – within and between individual hydrogen-bonded adducts. The offered Master’s project will address these challenges by using density functional theory, vibrational perturbation theory, and a combination of explicit and implicit solvent modelling. Focussing on hydrogen fluoride adducts of small organic molecules, these theoretical studies will guide planned experiments and provide a basis for future work dedicated to synthetic and bio-inspired catalysts featuring fluorine-mediated hydrogen-bond networks.

The suitable candidate should have a background in physics or physical/theoretical chemistry. General chemical knowledge and previous experience with electronic structure calculations, vibrational analysis, and/or IR spectroscopy is highly beneficial. In case of questions, don’t hesitate to send a message to Marius Horch.

^‡B. Dereka, Q. Yu, N. H. C. Lewis, W. B. Carpenter, J. L. Bowman, A. Tokmakoff, “Crossover from Hydrogen to Chemical Bonding” Science 2021, 371, 160–164.

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe1951

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